Related Conditions and Treatments
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Condition
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a combination of medical problems. These problems may include heart defects, cleft palate, speech or feeding problems, difficulty fighting infections, low calcium levels, kidney problems, learning or behavioral issues, and facial differences.
Learn more about 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Adjustment Disorders
Condition
An adjustment disorder is defined as an emotional or behavioral reaction to an identifiable stressful event or change in a person's life.
Angiogram
Treatment
An angiogram is a minimally invasive test that maps the arterior veins in a part of your child's body.
Angioplasty
Treatment
Angioplasty is a minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure in which imaging technologies are used to guide a catheter into an artery or vein.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery (AAOCA)
Condition
Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart condition.
Learn more about Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery (AAOCA)
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
Condition
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a congenital heart defect in which the left coronary artery arises abnormally from the pulmonary artery.
Learn more about Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
Anxiety Disorders
Condition
Anxiety disorders are concerning when anxiety no longer protects the child, and instead gets in the way of their ability to function in a healthy way.
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Condition
Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that can stop blood from flowing properly out of the heart.
Arrhythmias in Children
Condition
An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less effectively.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Condition
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart.
Atrioventricular Canal Defect
Condition
An atrioventricular canal defect, or AV canal, is a combination of several closely associated heart problems that result in a large defect in the center of the heart.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Condition
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental issue where people have trouble paying attention and controlling impulses.
Learn more about Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Condition
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the way your child develops and behaves.
Bacterial Endocarditis
Condition
Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart.
Barth Syndrome
Condition
Barth syndrome is metabolic disorder that affects the heart, muscles, immune system, and growth. It almost always occurs in boys.
Brain Scan
Treatment
A brain scan is a diagnostic imaging technique that provides images of blood flow in the brain. It can detect changes in blood flow within the brain that cannot be seen with other imaging methods.
Bullying
Condition
Bullying is any kind of physical or verbal abuse of a child. It can have long-lasting effects on both the victim and the bully.
Cardiac CT
Treatment
A cardiac CT (computed tomography) scan is a test that uses x-rays to create detailed images of your child's heart and blood vessels inside the heart.
Cardiac Catheterization
Treatment
Cardiac catheterization is a specialized procedure in which a long, flexible tube — a catheter — is inserted into a vein or artery and guided into the heart.
Cardiomyopathy in Children
Condition
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by an abnormally large, thick or stiff heart muscle.
Cardiovascular MRI
Treatment
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves, magnets and a computer to take pictures of your child’s heart.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Condition
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that delivers oxygen-rich (red) blood to the body.
Complex Biventricular Repair
Treatment
Complex biventricular repair is an option for children with single ventricle heart defects to achieve two-ventricle circulation.
Congenital Heart Defects
Condition
A congenital heart defect is a structural problem of the heart that develops during pregnancy.
Congenital Rubella
Condition
Congenital rubella syndrome (measles) is a virus that can cause birth defects if a mother passes it to her fetus.
Coronary Artery Fistula
Condition
A coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between blood vessels in the heart.
Cyanosis
Condition
Cyanosis is a bluish color in the skin, lips, and nail beds caused by too little oxygen in the blood.
Developmental Disabilities
Condition
Developmental delays refer to when developmental skills are at a lower level than expected for a child’s age, such as language, motor, cognition, or play.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Condition
Disruptive behavior disorders are a group of behavioral problems.
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Condition
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of rare congenital heart condition.
Dysphagia in Children
Condition
Dysphagia is a term that means “difficulty swallowing.” It is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, and through the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing.
ERAS Cardiac
Treatment
ERAS Cardiac Surgery is a program for many types of elective heart surgery.
Ebstein's Anomaly
Condition
Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve.
Echocardiogram in Children
Treatment
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to see the heart's structures.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Treatment
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a painless test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.
Electroencephalograms
Treatment
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a neurophysiologic technique primarily used in the evaluation of epilepsy.
Epilepsy in Children
Condition
Epilepsy is a complex condition that makes a child susceptible to seizures.
Esophageal Injury and Trauma
Condition
Esophageal injury and trauma can lead to esophageal strictures and other problems.
Exercise Stress Testing
Treatment
Exercise stress testing is used by doctors to see how your child’s heart reacts to stress or exercise.
Fetal Echocardiography
Treatment
Fetal echocardiography is an ultrasound test performed on a pregnant woman to evaluate the heart of her unborn baby.
Fetal Surgery
Treatment
Fetal surgery is the surgical treatment of a fetus with certain life-threatening congenital abnormalities.
Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Treatment
Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is an important evaluation of your child’s ability to eat and swallow.
Learn more about Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Condition
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events.
Genetic Disorders
Condition
Genetic disorders include certain types of birth defects, chronic diseases, developmental problems, and sensory deficits that are inherited from one or both parents.
Genetic Testing
Treatment
Genetic testing can provide expectant parents information about a child’s risks for congenital conditions.
Gestational Assessment
Treatment
A gestational assessment is often used to evaluate your baby's appearance, skin texture, motor function, and reflexes.
Growth Problems
Condition
“Growth problems” is a broad phrase used to describe various causes and effects of conditions relating to your child’s insufficient growth.
Head or Brain Injury
Condition
Head injury is a broad term that describes many different types of conditions — ranging from bumps and bruises to concussions, skull fractures, and serious brain injuries.
Heart Failure
Condition
Heart failure in children occurs when a child’s heart is not working as well as it should.
Heart Murmur
Condition
A heart murmur is a sound made by blood moving through the heart's chambers or valves.
Heart Transplant
Treatment
A heart transplant is an operation that replaces a failing heart with a healthy heart from a deceased donor.
Heart Tumor
Condition
A heart tumor, also known as a cardiac tumor, is a rare, abnormal growth that develops in the heart.
Heart's Electrical System
Condition
The heart’s electrical system provides the energy to help your child's heart pump blood.
Heterotaxy
Condition
Heterotaxy is a rare condition where many organs in the body can be formed abnormally, in the wrong position, or even missing.
Holter and Event Monitors
Treatment
A holter monitor is a device that performs a prolonged ECG testing. An event monitor is similar and is used to test for symptoms that occur less frequently.
Hydrops Fetalis
Condition
Hydrops fetalis — or hydrops — is when large amounts of fluid build up in a baby’s tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Condition
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a spectrum of heart diseases in which the left-heart structures are underdeveloped.
Insomnia
Condition
Insomnia is common in children but highly treatable. It is characterized by frequent night wakings, bedtime battles and difficulty falling and staying asleep.
Intravenous Line and Tube
Treatment
Intravenous (IV) lines give patients fluids and medications through tubes inserted into their veins and arteries.
Kabuki Syndrome
Condition
Kabuki syndrome is a rare congenital disorder.
Karyotype, Extended Banding, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization
Treatment
Karyotype, extended banding chromosome studies, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and chromosomal microarray analysis are different chromosome studies that can help determine if your child has a genetic birth defect.
Learn more about Karyotype, Extended Banding, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization
Learning Disorders and Disabilities
Condition
“Learning disorder” and “specific learning disability” refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be explained by inadequate educational opportunity or emotional or sensory disabilities.
Long QT Syndrome
Condition
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition that affects the heart’s electrical rhythm and can cause fast, erratic heartbeats.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Treatment
MRI is a routine diagnostic imaging exam that uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the body's organs, tissues, and bones.
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
Treatment
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery can treat many common conditions in adults and children, including vascular rings and aortic valve defects.
Muscle Weakness (Hypotonia)
Condition
Hypotonia is decreased muscle tone.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Condition
Myocarditis and pericarditis are inflammatory conditions that affect the heart.
Neonatal Stroke
Condition
Neonatal stroke is stroke in newborns between birth and 28 days.
Neurocritical Care
Treatment
Neurocritical care is a field devoted to protecting and treating the brains of critically ill and injured children.
Neurological Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Neurological diagnostic tests help physicians evaluate and diagnose damage to the nervous system — which consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves from these areas.
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Condition
A child or adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder has obsessive thoughts that are unwanted and related to fears, and uses compulsive rituals to control the fears.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Condition
Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital heart condition where there is a persistent connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) in Children
Condition
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the wall that that separates the heart’s two upper chambers (atria).
Prenatal Ultrasound
Treatment
A prenatal ultrasound scan is a diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of your fetus.
Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Pulmonary atresia occurs when the pulmonary valve — normally located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery — doesn’t form properly.
Pulmonary Function Test
Treatment
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are diagnostic tests to evaluate your child’s lung function or to measure any change in your child's condition.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Condition
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is abnormally high blood pressure that occurs in the arteries of the lungs (the pulmonary arteries).
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Condition
Pulmonary valve stenosis is the term describing a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve.
Respiratory Distress
Condition
A child is in respiratory distress when he or she has difficulty breathing.
Seizures in Children
Condition
Seizures happen when brain cells fire or “talk” too much, temporarily disrupting the brain’s normal electrical signals. They’re quite common, especially in infants and young children.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Condition
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to.
Septal Defects
Condition
A septal defect is a hole in the septum, which is the muscle wall that separates the heart's left and right chambers.
Single Ventricle Defects
Condition
A single ventricle defect occurs when one of the two pumping chambers in the heart, called ventricles, isn’t large enough or strong enough to work correctly.
Single Ventricle Surgery
Treatment
The goal of single ventricle surgeries is to enable one ventricle to do the work normally done by two ventricles.
Slow Weight Gain in Infants and Children
Condition
Slow weight gain, sometimes called “failure to thrive," is a manifestation of many factors that prevent a child from getting the calories they need for healthy growth.
Speech, Language, and Hearing Development Problems
Condition
The most common cause of speech delay in children is the persistence of fluid behind the eardrum and the associated hearing loss.
Learn more about Speech, Language, and Hearing Development Problems
Stridor
Condition
Stridor is a high-pitched sound that is usually heard best when your child breathes in (known as “inspiration”). It’s usually caused by an obstruction or narrowing in your child's upper airway.
Stroke in Children
Condition
Stroke is a general term that is used to describe an injury to the brain caused by either bleeding (referred to as hemorrhagic stroke) or a lack of oxygen due to vessel obstruction (referred to as ischemic stroke).
Syncope
Condition
Syncope is the medical term for fainting. It’s a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when not enough blood goes to the brain.
TORCH
Condition
TORCH is an acronym for a group of diseases that cause congenital (present at birth) conditions if a fetus is exposed to them in the uterus.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a serious congenital heart defect where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia is a more severe form of TOF, where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Learn more about Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Toileting Issues
Condition
Toileting difficulties include inability/refusal to toilet train, constipation, encopresis, daytime wetting, and bedwetting.
Torticollis
Condition
Torticollis, or wryneck, is a twisted neck. It’s relatively common in children.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Condition
TAPVR occurs when the blood vessels that drain the lungs (pulmonary veins) are not connected normally to the heart.
Learn more about Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Condition
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is when the “great” arteries, the aorta and the right ventricle, are reversed in their origins from the heart.
Tricuspid Atresia
Condition
In tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve — which is normally located between the right atrium and the right ventricle — is missing, as is the right ventricle.
Trisomies and Monosomies
Condition
A trisomy and a monosomy are types of numerical chromosome abnormalities that can cause certain birth defects.
Trisomy 18 and 13
Condition
Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are fatal genetic birth disorders.
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP)
Condition
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) occurs in identical twin pregnancies when one twin has an absent or non-functioning heart and receives all of its blood from the normally functioning and developing pump twin.
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
Condition
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a problem where one fetus — the donor twin — pumps blood to the other fetus — the recipient twin.
Ultrasound Examinations & Preparations
Treatment
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and their echoes to make cross-sectional images of the inside of your child's body.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Condition
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower right and left heart chambers (ventricles).
Walking (Gait) Abnormalities
Condition
A gait abnormality is an unusual walking pattern.
Williams Syndrome
Condition
Williams syndrome is a rare developmental disorder that can affect many parts of the body, including the heart and blood vessels.