22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Condition
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a combination of medical problems. These problems may include heart defects, cleft palate, speech or feeding problems, difficulty fighting infections, low calcium levels, kidney problems, learning or behavioral issues, and facial differences.
Abdominal Pain in Children
Condition
Abdominal pain is discomfort or pain located anywhere between the chest and the pelvis.
Abrasions
Condition
An abrasion is a superficial rub or wearing off of the skin, usually caused by a scrape or a brush burn.
AC Joint Injuries
Condition
AC joint injuries are common sources of shoulder pain caused by fracture, displacement, or arthritis.
Achondroplasia
Condition
Achondroplasia is a genetic bone disorder, affecting one in 20,000 babies. It is the most common type of dwarfism.
Acne
Condition
Acne is a chronic disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands located in the middle layer of the skin.
Acute Bronchitis
Condition
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of your child's bronchial tubes.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Condition
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) involves a brief but intense attack of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord that damages the brain's myelin.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Condition
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurologic condition that can cause muscle weakness and possible paralysis.
Acute Kidney Injury
Condition
Acute kidney injury is when a child’s kidneys suddenly stop working from an infections, disruption of blood flow, surgery, or exposure to medications.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Condition
In the form of leukemia known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes is affected.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Condition
Acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, is a quickly progressing type of blood cancer.
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Condition
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) involves a brief, intense attack of swelling in the spinal cord that damages myelin.
Adamantinoma
Condition
Adamantinomas are slow-growing cancerous bone tumors that form primarily in the tibia (shin bone) but occasionally in the jaw, forearm, hands, or feet.
Addison's Disease
Condition
Addison’s disease is a rare disease in which the adrenal glands aren’t functioning properly, causing a hormonal disorder.
Adenovirus Infections
Condition
Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that cause respiratory (breathing) illnesses.
Adjustment Disorders
Condition
An adjustment disorder is defined as an emotional or behavioral reaction to an identifiable stressful event or change in a person's life.
Adrenal Tumors
Condition
Adrenal tumors are masses that grow in the adrenal gland, the organ responsible for producing hormones in response to physical and emotional stress.
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Condition
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of the adrenal glands.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Condition
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic condition that causes the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the brain.
Airway Obstruction
Condition
Airway obstruction, also known as foreign body airway obstruction, happens when a small item gets stuck in a child’s throat or upper airway and makes it hard for the child to breathe.
Alagille Syndrome
Condition
Alagille syndrome causes progressive destruction of the bile ducts.
Allergic Colitis
Condition
Allergic colitis is a condition in which your baby’s immune system overreacts to the proteins found in cow’s milk.
Allergic Rhinitis
Condition
Allergic rhinitis is a reaction that occurs when your child breathes in something they are allergic to.
Allergies in Children
Condition
Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system. They happen when the immune system fights harmless foreign substances called allergens.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD)
Condition
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the lack of a protein made by the liver that’s released into the bloodstream.
Alpha-mannosidosis
Condition
Alpha-mannosidosis is a condition characterized by an inability to break down complex sugars in the body’s cells.
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Condition
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a malignant soft tissue tumor.
Amblyopia
Condition
Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision problems in children
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Condition
Amniotic band syndrome (constriction ring syndrome) happens when fibrous bands of the amniotic sac get tangled around a developing fetus.
Anaphylaxis
Condition
Also called anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis is a dangerous reaction to an allergen.
Anaplastic Astrocytomas
Condition
Anaplastic astrocytomas are brain tumors that arise from brain cells called astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell.
Androgen Insensitivity
Condition
Androgen insensitivity is a rare genetic condition that blocks the body from using male hormones during fetal growth and after birth.
Anemia
Condition
One of the most common pediatric blood disorders, anemia has many potential causes.
Anencephaly
Condition
Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that affects the formation of a baby's brain and the skull bones that surround the head.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Condition
Aneurysmal bone cysts are blood-filled, fibrous cysts that expand the bone and can cause pain, swelling, and fractures.
Angelman Syndrome
Condition
Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that causes developmental and neurological problems.
Angiofibroma
Condition
Angiofibroma is a relatively rare tumor that grows in the back of the nasal cavity. It occurs almost exclusively in adolescent boys.
Angiosarcoma
Condition
Angiosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the blood vessels or lymph vessels.
Animal Allergy
Condition
Children who are allergic to animals are reacting to animal proteins found in dander, saliva, and urine.
Ankle Sprain
Condition
An ankle sprain is a stretch injury of the ligaments that support the ankle.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery (AAOCA)
Condition
Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart condition.
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
Condition
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a congenital heart defect in which the left coronary artery arises abnormally from the pulmonary artery.
Anorectal Malformation
Condition
Anorectal malformations are birth defects in which the anus and rectum don’t develop properly.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Condition
An ACL injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament tears, often as a result of cutting and pivoting during sports.
Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES)
Condition
Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is one of the most frequent causes of abdominal pain in adults and children. The condition occurs when nerves within the abdominal wall — the anterior cutaneous abdominal nerves — become pinched or entrapped within the abdominal wall muscle.
Anxiety Disorders
Condition
Anxiety disorders are concerning when anxiety no longer protects the child, and instead gets in the way of their ability to function in a healthy way.
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Condition
Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that can stop blood from flowing properly out of the heart.
Aortopulmonary Window
Condition
An aortopulmonary window is a hole between two of the major blood vessels in the heart.
AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (AP-4-HSP)
Condition
AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP) is a group of slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorders.
Apert Syndrome
Condition
Apert syndrome, also known as acrocephalosyndactyly, is a genetic disorder that causes fusion of the skull, hands, and feet bones.
Apert Syndrome
Condition
Learn more about Apert Syndrome symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. Request an appointment for Apert Syndrome with experts at Boston Children's Hospital at 617-355-6309.
Aplastic Anemia
Condition
Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few cells.
Apnea of Prematurity
Condition
Apnea of prematurity refers to what happens when a child doesn’t breathe for more than 20 seconds.
Appendicitis
Condition
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.
Arachnoid Cysts
Condition
Arachnoid cysts are sacs filled with spinal fluid that grow in between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane that covers them.
Arrhythmias in Children
Condition
An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less effectively.
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Condition
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a condition when heart rhythm disturbances precede the classical changes in the heart muscle seen in cardiomyopathy.
Arterial Dissection
Condition
An arterial dissection is a tear along the inside lining of an artery and can occur in a child's head, neck, or spine.
Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children
Condition
An arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an injury to the brain or spinal cord caused by a lack of oxygen to the area affected.
Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVFs)
Condition
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare abnormalities in which arteries connect directly with veins, bypassing the capillaries. They can occur anywhere in the body.
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Condition
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt the normal flow of blood.
Arteriovenous Malformations AVMs II
Condition
Learn more about Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs) symptoms and treatments. AVM tissues removed after treatment are being studied by our researchers.
Arthrogryposis
Condition
Arthrogryposis is a term used to describe conditions characterized by stiff joints and abnormally developed muscles.
Articular Cartilage Injury
Condition
Articular cartilage injuries can occur as a result of either traumatic mechanical destruction or progressive mechanical degeneration (wear and tear).
Aspiration in Children
Condition
Your child may aspirate when problems with swallowing causes liquids or food to enter your child’s lungs
Asthma in Children
Condition
Asthma is a chronic condition that causes the airways in the lungs to narrow and swell, making it difficult to breath.
Astigmatism, Hyperopia, and Myopia
Condition
Astigmatism, hyperopia (farsightedness), and myopia are refractive errors of the eye seen in 20 percent of children.
Astrocytoma
Condition
Astrocytomas are tumors that arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Condition
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart.
Atrioventricular Canal Defect
Condition
An atrioventricular canal defect, or AV canal, is a combination of several closely associated heart problems that result in a large defect in the center of the heart.
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT)
Condition
An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a very rare, aggressive tumor of the central nervous system.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Condition
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental issue where people have trouble paying attention and controlling impulses.
Auditory Processing Disorder
Condition
An auditory processing disorder is when children with normal hearing have difficulty detecting and analyzing small differences in voice pitch, loudness, and duration.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Condition
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the way your child develops and behaves.
Autoimmune Diseases
Condition
Autoimmune disease is when the immune system mistakenly begins attacking healthy cells and tissues.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Condition
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disorder that occurs when a person’s own red blood cells burst.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Condition
Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which the immune system attacks the liver. Without prompt treatment, the condition and can lead to long-term liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver failure.
Avulsion Fracture
Condition
Avulsion fractures happen when a bone fragment separates from the rest of the bone.
Bacterial Endocarditis
Condition
Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart.
Bacterial Meningitis
Condition
Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the three thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is the more dangerous form of meningitis.
Barrett's Esophagus
Condition
Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition that results from chronic inflammation.
Barth Syndrome
Condition
Barth syndrome is metabolic disorder that affects the heart, muscles, immune system, and growth. It almost always occurs in boys.
Basilar Invagination
Condition
Basilar invagination is a rare condition in which the top of the spine compresses the brain stem.
Batten Disease
Condition
Batten disease is a very rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Condition
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause an overgrowth of particular body parts.
Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis)
Condition
Nocturnal enuresis, better known as bedwetting, occurs when a sleeping child cannot hold his or her urine at night.
Bee Stings
Condition
Bee stings often happen during warm weather and around greenery.
Benign Skin Growths
Condition
Benign skin growths are non-cancerous bumps, spots, and lumps on the skin.
Beta-mannosidosis
Condition
Beta-mannosidosis is a very rare genetic condition that affects the way certain types of sugar molecules are processed by the body.
Biliary Atresia
Condition
Biliary atresia occurs when the common bile duct is blocked or damaged, so that it's impossible for bile to flow through it.
Binder Syndrome
Condition
Binder syndrome is a congenital condition that causes an underdeveloped midface and nose.
Bipolar Disorder
Condition
Bipolar disorder is a chronic (long-lasting), intermittent (comes and goes) mental health condition that affects people of all ages.
Birth Defects and Congenital Anomalies
Condition
A birth defect is a health problem or a physical abnormality.
Birthmarks
Condition
Birthmarks are areas of discolored and/or raised skin that are apparent at birth or shortly thereafter.
Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias
Condition
Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect involving the urinary, reproductive, and intestinal tracts, as well as the musculoskeletal system.
Blepharitis
Condition
Blepharitis is a chronic condition that causes swelling and irritation of the eyelid.
Blisters
Condition
Learn more about Blisters symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments. Request an appointment for Blisters with experts at Boston Children's Hospital at 617-355-6000.
Blocked Tear Duct (Dacryostenosis)
Condition
A blocked tear duct can be a relatively common ailment that affects as many as 6 percent of newborns.
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome (BRBNS)
Condition
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly in which malformed veins (blebs) appear on the skin and surfaces of internal organs.
Bone Tumors and Bone Cysts
Condition
Bone tumors and bone cysts are types of abnormal growth within a bone. Most are benign (noncancerous).
Bowlegs
Condition
Bowlegs (genu varum) is a condition in which a child’s legs curve outward at the knees.
Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Condition
Brachial plexus birth injury is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs during childbirth.
Brain Abscess
Condition
A brain abscess is a brain infection that may cause problems with a child's brain and spinal cord function.
Brain Aneurysms
Condition
A brain aneurysm is a weak point in a blood vessel within the brain.
Brain Cavernous Malformations
Condition
Learn how Cavernous malformation, a small mass consisting of an abnormally expanded thin-walled blood vessel, is treated at Boston Children Hospital.
Brain Tumors
Condition
Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening.
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Condition
Branchial cleft cysts and sinus tracts are a mass of abnormally formed tissues within the head and neck.
Broken Ankle
Condition
A broken ankle typically involves one or both of the long bones of the leg, the tibia and the fibula.
Broken Arm
Condition
A broken arm is a crack or break in one or more of the bones in arm. They are often caused by impact injuries.
Broken Elbow
Condition
A broken elbow is a break, at or near the elbow joint, in one or more of the three arm bones that form that joint.
Broken Forearm
Condition
A broken forearm is a break in one (or both) of the bones of the forearm: the radius and/or ulna.
Broken Leg
Condition
A broken leg is a break or crack of one long bones of the leg.
Broken Tibia-Fibula (Shinbone/Calf Bone)
Condition
A broken tibia-fibula is a fracture of one or both of the long bones in the lower leg.
Bronchiolitis
Condition
Bronchiolitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that usually affects infants.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Condition
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.
Bruises
Condition
A bruise is a collection of blood underneath the skin that is caused by trauma to an area of the body.
Bullying
Condition
Bullying is any kind of physical or verbal abuse of a child. It can have long-lasting effects on both the victim and the bully.
Burkitt Lymphoma
Condition
Burkitt lymphoma (aka small noncleaved cell lymphoma) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system.
Bursitis
Condition
Bursitis happens when one or more bursae become irritated and swollen, usually through overuse or injury.
Camptodactyly
Condition
Camptodactyly is a condition in which a bent finger cannot completely straighten.
Cancer
Condition
Childhood cancer is not a single disease type, but an umbrella group of diseases that include blood cancers, brain tumors, and other solid tumors of the organs, bones, or soft tissues.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Stomatitis)
Condition
Canker sores (aphthous stomatitis) is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue.
Capillary Malformation
Condition
A capillary malformation, or port-wine stain, is a kind of birthmark.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Condition
Carbon monoxide poisoning happens because of excess exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), a poisonous, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from the incomplete burning of fuels that contain carbon.
Carcinoid Tumors
Condition
Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can develop in the appendix, gastrointestinal tract, or lungs.
Cardiomyopathy in Children
Condition
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by an abnormally large, thick or stiff heart muscle.
Carney Triad
Condition
Carney triad is a rare condition that describes the occurrence of three kinds of endocrine tumors in the same patient.
Cat Scratch Disease
Condition
Cat scratch disease is caused by a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. The bacteria are passed from a cat to a human after the cat licks its paws then scratches human skin. Rubbing the eyes after petting a cat's fur can also spread cat scratch disease.
Cataracts
Condition
A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that can cause blurry vision or block vision.
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Condition
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited cardiac condition that causes sudden rhythm disturbances in otherwise healthy children.
Cavernous Malformations
Condition
A cavernous malformation is a small mass that is made up of abnormal, thin-walled blood vessels.
CDKL5 Disorder
Condition
CDKL5 disorder is a rare neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by early onset epilepsy, low muscle tone, and developmental challenges.
Cellulitis
Condition
Cellulitis is a deep bacterial infection of the skin that usually occurs after some type of trauma causes an opening in your child's skin.
Cerebral Arteriopathies in Children
Condition
Cerebral arteriopathies are disorders that affect the arteries in the brain and are associated with an increased risk of stroke.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Condition
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement as a result of damage to the brain of an infant.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Children
Condition
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious condition that is a cause of stroke in children and newborns.
Cervical Teratoma
Condition
A cervical teratoma is a very rare congenital tumor in the neck.
Chalazion
Condition
A chalazion is a persistent inflammation or swelling of the upper or lower eyelid that can also include the middle part of the eyelid.
Chest Wall Deformities
Condition
Chest wall deformities are structural irregularities in which a child’s chest is either sunken or protruding.
Chiari Malformation
Condition
Chiari malformation is an abnormality in the back of the head where the brain and spinal cord meet.
Chickenpox
Condition
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease characterized by little blisters all over the body.
Childhood Obesity
Condition
Obesity occurs when a child is significantly over the ideal weight for her height.
Choledochal Cysts
Condition
A choledochal cyst is a congenital anomaly of the duct that transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine.
Cholestasis
Condition
Cholestasis is a problem with the flow of bile that happens when the bile ducts are blocked or the liver has a problem producing bile.
Cholesteatoma
Condition
Cholesteatoma is the accumulation of skin in an abnormal location, typically behind the eardrum.
Chondroblastoma
Condition
Chondroblastomas occur when chondroblasts grow out of control and cause a benign (non-cancerous) tumor.
Chondromas
Condition
Chondromas are benign (not cancerous) tumors made of cartilage that are found mostly in the small bones of the hand and feet.
Chondrosarcoma
Condition
Chondrosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that typically develops in the cartilage that coats the ends of bones and forms joints.
Choroid Plexus Brain Tumor
Condition
Choroid plexus brain tumors develop in the tissue located in the spaces of the brain called ventricles.
Chronic Fatigue
Condition
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a serious, long-term illness that affects many body systems.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Condition
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immune system disorder that occurs when a type of white blood cell does not work properly.
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Condition
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare bowel disorder.
Chronic Kidney (Renal) Disease
Condition
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the kidney’s progressive inability to perform its functions, regardless of the cause.
Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity
Condition
Chronic lung disease of prematurity is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Condition
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a form of leukemia that develops in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy center of long bones.
Clavicle Fracture
Condition
A clavicle fracture is a break in the bone that connects the breastbone to the shoulder blade.
Cleft Foot
Condition
Cleft foot occurs when the foot didn’t develop properly during fetal development.
Cleft Hand
Condition
Cleft hand is a rare hand condition in which the center portion of a child’s hand is underdeveloped.
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Condition
Cleft lip is a visible separation in the skin of the top lip. Cleft palate is incomplete development of the soft and/or hard palate.
Clinodactyly
Condition
Clinodactyly means that your child has an abnormally bent or curved finger.
Cloacal Anomalies
Condition
A cloacal anomaly is an anorectal malformation that occurs while a female fetus is developing in its mother's womb.
Cloacal Exstrophy
Condition
Cloacal exstrophy, also known as OEIS syndrome, occurs when a portion of the large intestine lies outside of the body.
CLOVES Syndrome
Condition
CLOVES syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by vascular anomalies and other problems.
Clubfoot
Condition
Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity in which the foot turns down and inward.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Condition
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that delivers oxygen-rich (red) blood to the body.
Cold
Condition
A cold is caused by a virus. More than 200 types of viruses can cause a cold.
Colic
Condition
Colic is when a child is healthy but cries or is fussy for long periods of time with no apparent reason.
Complete Tracheal Rings
Condition
Complete tracheal rings are a birth defect in the cartilage that supports a child’s airway.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Children
Condition
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition associated with persistent pain in one or more limbs.
Concussions
Condition
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain.
Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
Condition
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by a severely low number of megakaryocytes.
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Condition
A congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a benign (non-cancerous) mass of abnormal lung tissue usually located on one lobe (section) of the lung.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus
Condition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. It is incurable and is a lifetime infection.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
Condition
A congenital diaphragmatic hernia is when there’s a hole in the diaphragm — a thin layer of muscle and tissue that separates the chest and abdominal cavity.
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
Condition
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is a group of rare, inherited, conditions characterized by ineffective red blood cell production.
Congenital Heart Defects
Condition
A congenital heart defect is a structural problem of the heart that develops during pregnancy.
Congenital Herpes Simplex
Condition
Congenital herpes simplex is an infection caused by exposure in the uterus.
Congenital High Airway Obstruction (CHAOS)
Condition
Congenital high airway obstruction (CHAOS) is a complete or nearly complete obstruction of the fetal airway.
Congenital HIV
Condition
Congenital HIV is HIV that is transferred from the birth mother to the child.
Congenital Limb Differences
Condition
Congenital limb differences occur when a baby’s arm or leg does not form properly during pregnancy.
Congenital Outer Ear Anomaly
Condition
A congenital outer ear anomaly is a malformation of the outer ear.
Congenital Rubella
Condition
Congenital rubella syndrome (measles) is a virus that can cause birth defects if a mother passes it to her fetus.
Congenital Scoliosis
Condition
Congenital scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that babies are born with.
Congenital Sideroblastic Anemia
Condition
Congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA) is a group of rare inherited disorders that decrease the number of red blood cells.
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Condition
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired by the parasite getting into the body by the mouth (for instance, by eating undercooked meat).
Congenital Varicella
Condition
Congenital varicella syndrome is a very rare disorder that’s caused by an expectant mother acquiring the virus that causes chickenpox. It can lead to a number of birth defects.
Conjunctivitis
Condition
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Constipation
Condition
Constipation is when a child has infrequent bowel movement or bowel movements that are difficult to pass.
Constricted Ear
Condition
Constricted ear — also known as cup ear or lop ear — is a malformation of the helix, or outer rim, of the ear.
Corneal Abrasions
Condition
A corneal abrasion is a scratch or injury to the cornea, which is the dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. This is a very common occurrence in children.
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Condition
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic condition that affects development and growth.
Coronary Artery Fistula
Condition
A coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between blood vessels in the heart.
COVID-19 (Coronavirus) in Children & Teens
Condition
COVID-19 affects children and families in many different ways.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Condition
Cortical visual impairment is diagnosed when children show abnormal visual responses that aren’t caused by the eyes themselves.
Cough
Condition
Coughs are one of the most frequent symptoms of childhood illness and they usually are not a symptom of anything dangerous.
Craniofacial Anomalies
Condition
Craniofacial anomalies are deformities that affect a child’s head and facial bones.
Craniosynostosis
Condition
Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the fibrous connections grow together (fuse) too early.
Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction
Condition
Cricopharyngeal dysfunction occurs when the muscle at the top of the esophagus doesn't relax or it relaxes in an uncoordinated manner.
Crohn’s Disease
Condition
Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease in which parts of a child’s intestinal tract become inflamed.
Croup
Condition
Croup is a disease caused by a virus that leads to swelling in the airways and problems breathing.
Crouzon Syndrome
Condition
Crouzon syndrome is a complex genetic birth disorder that may affect a child’s face, skull, and teeth.
Cushing's Syndrome
Condition
Cushing’s syndrome is the overproduction of corticosteroids.
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congeita (CMTC)
Condition
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) is a rare kind of birthmark that usually fades considerably before a child turns 1.
Cyanosis
Condition
Cyanosis is a bluish color in the skin, lips, and nail beds caused by too little oxygen in the blood.
Cyclic Neutropenia
Condition
Cyclic neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that occurs when the body commonly has fewer white blood cells than normal.
Cystic Fibrosis
Condition
Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease, involves multiple parts of the body, including the lungs and digestive system.
Cystic Lung Disease
Condition
Cystic lung disease is a term used to describe four distinct conditions that may share a degree of common origin during fetal development.
Cytomegalovirus
Condition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections.
Danon Disease
Condition
Danon disease is a rare inherited disorder that affects many organ systems.
Daytime Wetting (Enuresis)
Condition
Enuresis is the medical term for involuntary urination, or “wetting.”
Delayed Puberty/Delayed Sexual Development
Condition
Delayed puberty is the lack of increase in testicle size (boys) or lack of breast development (girls).
Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Condition
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder that occurs when a child's natural sleep and wake schedule is shifted later.
Dentoalveolar Infections
Condition
A dentoalveolar infection is an infection in or around your child’s tooth/teeth.
Depression
Condition
Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by a sad mood that is both prolonged and severe.
Desmoid Tumor
Condition
Desmoid tumors are thought to develop from the fibrous tissue that forms tendons and ligaments.
Developmental Disabilities
Condition
Developmental delays refer to when developmental skills are at a lower level than expected for a child’s age, such as language, motor, cognition, or play.
Deviated Septum
Condition
A deviated septum occurs where there's an abnormal shape to the wall that divides your child's two nostrils.
DGAT-1 Deficiency
Condition
DGAT-1 deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes diarrhea, inability to absorb nutrients, and poor growth.
Diabetes Insipidus
Condition
Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder that interferes with the ability to regulate the amount of water in the body.
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
Condition
Diamond Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow fails to make red blood cells.
Diaper Rash
Condition
A diaper rash occurs in the area where a baby wears a diaper.
Diarrhea
Condition
Diarrhea is defined as watery stool, increased frequency of bowel movement or both.
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG)
Condition
Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas are highly aggressive and difficult-to treat-brain tumors found at the base of the brain. See how we treat them.
Diphtheria
Condition
Diphtheria is a bacterial disease that can infect the throat (respiratory diphtheria) or the skin (skin or cutaneous diphtheria).
Dislocated Kneecap
Condition
A dislocated knee, also known as a dislocated patella, occurs when the kneecap pops out from its normal position.
Dislocations
Condition
A dislocation happens when extreme force is put on a ligament and the ends of two connected bones separate.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Condition
Disruptive behavior disorders are a group of behavioral problems.
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET)
Condition
A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor.
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Condition
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of rare congenital heart condition.
Down Syndrome
Condition
Down syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by developmental delays and learning disability.
Duane Syndrome
Condition
Duane syndrome is a rare form of strabismus, or misalignment of the eye.
Duplex Collecting System
Condition
A child has a duplex collecting system when a kidney has two ureters rather than one.
Dust Mite Allergies
Condition
Dust mites are tiny organisms that feed on the shed scales of human skin. Their waste products may provoke allergic reactions.
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Condition
Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition that can often cause bone marrow failure.
Dysmenorrhea
Condition
Dysmenorrhea is the pain associated with menstrual cramping.
Dysphagia in Children
Condition
Dysphagia is a term that means “difficulty swallowing.” It is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, and through the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing.
Dysthymia
Condition
Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a form of chronic depression.
Ear Infection (Otitis Media)
Condition
An ear infection. also called an otitis media, is inflammation in the middle ear space.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Condition
Eastern equine encephalitis is a virus that’s spread by the bites of blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos and ticks.
Eating Disorders
Condition
Eating disorders are patterns of unhealthy behaviors related to your child’s eating habits.
Ebstein's Anomaly
Condition
Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve.
Ectopia Cordis
Condition
Ectopia cordis happens when some or all of a baby’s heart doesn’t have the typical coverage of the breastbone.
Eczema
Condition
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin.
Edema
Condition
Edema refers to swelling in the body’s tissues caused by a buildup of fluid.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Condition
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of disorders that affect a person's connective tissue.
Encephalitis
Condition
Encephalitis means that the brain tissues have become inflamed. When brain tissues are inflamed, they don’t work properly.
Encephaloceles
Condition
An encephalocele is a rare birth defect in which the tissue covering the brain, and a portion of the brain itself, protrude through openings in the skull.
Enchondroma
Condition
An enchondroma is a non-cancerous cartilage tumor that can occur in the arms and legs.
Encopresis
Condition
Encopresis is a problem that won’t go away on its own, but is relatively easy to treat.
Endometriosis
Condition
Endometriosis is when the endometrium, the tissue that normally lines the uterus, grows in other places.
Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids
Condition
Enlarged tonsils and adenoids happen when tissues in the mouth are infected.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children
Condition
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic condition that causes inflammation and damage to the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders EGIDs II
Condition
Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) are rare conditions that can occur when there are high levels of eosinophils in one or more parts of the digestive system.
Ependymoma
Condition
An ependymoma is a tumor that arises from cells that are found lining the ventricular system (areas of the brain or spinal cord where spinal fluid is found).
Epiglottitis
Condition
Epiglottitis is a life-threatening bacterial infection that occurs when the epiglottis swells, obstructing the flow of air into the lungs.
Epilepsy in Children
Condition
Epilepsy is a complex condition that makes a child susceptible to seizures.
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma (EHE)
Condition
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor or anomaly that arises from the cells lining the blood vessels.
Esophageal Achalasia
Condition
Esophageal achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that makes swallowing difficult.
Esophageal Atresia
Condition
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare birth defect in which a baby is born without part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach).
Esophageal Injury and Trauma
Condition
Esophageal injury and trauma can lead to esophageal strictures and other problems.
Esophageal Strictures
Condition
An esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Esophagitis
Condition
Esophagitis is inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
Evans Syndrome
Condition
Evans Syndrome is a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.
Ewing Sarcoma
Condition
Ewing sarcoma is a kind of cancer that grows in bones or soft tissues.
Excessive Hair Growth (Hirsutism)
Condition
Hirsutism is when women experience excessive hair growth on parts of the body where men usually grow hair.
Eye Injuries
Condition
Eye injuries can be serious and are usually quite painful. They are a common cause of vision loss in children.
Eye Socket Fracture
Condition
An eye socket, or orbital, fracture occurs when one or more bones surrounding the eye are broken.
Fabry Disease
Condition
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that is progressive in nature and affects many of the body’s systems.
Facial Cuts and Wounds
Condition
Facial cuts and wounds can occur by a child while playing, climbing, or during sports activities.
Facial Nerve Paralysis
Condition
Facial nerve paralysis happens when a child cannot move muscles that control smiling and blinking, among other facial movements.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Condition
Familial adenomatous polyposis is a rare genetic condition associated with the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps in the GI tract.
Fanconi Anemia
Condition
Fanconi anemia is a severe lifelong condition that requires ongoing medical treatment. Boston Children's Hospital can help.
Fatty Liver Disease
Condition
Fatty liver disease is the buildup of fat in the liver that can lead to inflammation and cell damage.
Fecal Incontinence
Condition
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements.
Female Athletes and Menstruation
Condition
Research shows that athletic performance stays about the same during menstruation.
Femoral Anteversion
Condition
Femoral anteversion is an inward twisting of the thigh bone (femur).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Condition
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a group of abnormalities that occur in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal Pleural Effusion
Condition
Fetal pleural effusion is the buildup of fluid in a fetus' chest, which can press on the lungs, heart, and main blood vessels.
Fever
Condition
Your child has a fever if their temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.
Fever in a Newborn
Condition
Fever in a newborn happens because a newborn’s temperature regulation system is immature.
Fibro Adipose Vascular Anomaly (FAVA)
Condition
Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a rare, but painful, vascular anomaly in which a significant portion of a muscle in one of a child's limbs is taken over by tough, fibrous, fatty tissue.
Fibrosarcoma
Condition
A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that originates in the connective fibrous tissue found at the ends of bones of the arm or legs, and then spreads to other surrounding soft tissues.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Condition
Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental abnormality that results in abnormal growth, pain, and deformity of the affected bones.
Fifth Disease
Condition
Fifth disease is a viral illness that causes cold-like symptoms and a skin rash.
First-Degree Burn
Condition
A first-degree burn, or a superficial burn, only affects the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.
Flexible Flatfoot
Condition
Flexible flatfoot is a common childhood condition in which a child has very little or no arch in their feet.
Flu (Influenza)
Condition
Seasonal flu is a common viral infection affecting children and adults every year.
Folliculitis, Boils, and Carbuncles
Condition
Folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles involve inflammation and irritation of various areas of the skin.
Food Allergy
Condition
A food allergy is the body’s abnormal response to a certain food.
Fractures
Condition
A fracture is a break in the bone that occurs when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can withstand.
Fragile X Syndrome
Condition
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a range of learning and developmental problems.
Frostbite and Frostnip
Condition
Frostbite is damage to the skin from freezing. Frostnip is less severe and can usually be treated at home.
Fucosidosis
Condition
Fucosidosis is a rare genetic condition characterized by an inability to properly break down certain sugars attached to specific proteins and fats in the body’s cells.
Functional Abdominal Pain in Children
Condition
Functional abdominal pain is persistent stomach pain that does not resolve with usual treatment.
Galactorrhea
Condition
Galactorrhea is a milky discharge from the nipple of the breast in someone who is not nursing a baby.
Galactosemia
Condition
Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder in which babies are born without the ability to convert milk sugars into glucose.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
Condition
Gallstones are solid deposits of digestive fluid in the gallbladder.
Gastroparesis in Children
Condition
Gastroparesis is a condition in which the stomach muscles do not work properly.
Gastroschisis
Condition
Gastroschisis is an opening in the abdominal wall that appears during fetal development.
Gender Dysphoria
Condition
Gender dysphoria occurs when there is a conflict between the sex you were assigned at birth and the gender with which you identify.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Condition
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events.
Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly
Condition
Generalized lymphatic anomaly, or lymphangiomatosis, is a rare condition involving the abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels in the lungs, pleura, bones, and soft tissue.
Genetic Disorders
Condition
Genetic disorders include certain types of birth defects, chronic diseases, developmental problems, and sensory deficits that are inherited from one or both parents.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Condition
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children is a chronic digestive disorder.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Brain
Condition
Germ cell tumors of the brain develop from germ cells — the cells that later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries.
Germ Cell Tumors
Condition
Germ cell tumors are masses of tissue formed by immature cells that normally would have developed into mature eggs or sperm.
Germinoma
Condition
A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor that is most often found in the brain.
Giant Cell Tumor
Condition
A giant cell tumor is a benign solitary tumor that usually grows in the ends of long bones, and contains unusually large cells.
Glaucoma
Condition
Glaucoma is a condition in which the normal fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises. The fluid collects and eventually causes loss of vision.
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Condition
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are high-grade gliomas that arise from the brain’s supportive tissue (glial cells).
Glioma
Condition
A glioma is a kind of brain tumor that originates from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.
Gliomatosis Cerebri
Condition
Gliomatosis cerebri is a highly aggressive, rare form of malignant astrocytic tumor.
Glomerulonephritis
Condition
Glomerulonephritis is kidney disease where small structures in the kidneys become inflamed and impair the kidney's ability to filter urine.
Glomuvenous Malformation
Condition
A glomuvenous malformation (GVM) is a type of vascular malformation formed by an abnormal growth of blood vessels and the presence of glomus cells in the wall of the malformation.
Glucose Galactose Malabsorption (GGM)
Condition
Glucose galactose malabsorption is when a child’s body cannot absorb the simple sugars glucose and galactose.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Condition
Glycogen storage disease interferes with the liver’s ability to convert glycogen into energy.
GM1 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM1 gangliosidosis, also called beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency, is a genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
GM2 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM2 gangliosidosis is a rare genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Gorham-Stout Disease
Condition
Children with Gorham-Stout disease experience gradual bone loss (osteolysis) caused by an abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Condition
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium that can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Condition
Growth hormone deficiency results when the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough growth hormone to stimulate the body to grow.
Growth Plate Fractures
Condition
A growth plate fracture is a fracture that intersects the area of soft cartilage where bone growth takes place.
Growth Problems
Condition
“Growth problems” is a broad phrase used to describe various causes and effects of conditions relating to your child’s insufficient growth.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Condition
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system.
Gynecomastia
Condition
Gynecomastia is a condition in which above-average amounts of breast tissue form in males.
Haemophilus Influenzae Infections
Condition
Haemophilus influenzae, or H. influenzae, is a group of bacteria that cause different types of infections.
Hamartoma
Condition
A hamartoma is an abnormal growth that's made up of the same tissue from which it grows.
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Condition
Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects infants and children and often appears as a rash of small, blister-like bumps in the hands, feet, and mouth.
Head or Brain Injury
Condition
Head injury is a broad term that describes many different types of conditions — ranging from bumps and bruises to concussions, skull fractures, and serious brain injuries.
Headaches
Condition
Secondary headaches are caused by another medical condition. Primary headaches are most often migraine and tension-type headaches.
Hearing Loss
Condition
Hearing loss is a problem with one or both or ears that reduces a child’s ability to detect sound.
Heart Failure
Condition
Heart failure in children occurs when a child’s heart is not working as well as it should.
Heart Murmur
Condition
A heart murmur is a sound made by blood moving through the heart's chambers or valves.
Heart Tumor
Condition
A heart tumor, also known as a cardiac tumor, is a rare, abnormal growth that develops in the heart.
Heart's Electrical System
Condition
The heart’s electrical system provides the energy to help your child's heart pump blood.
Heat Cramps, Exhaustion, and Stroke
Condition
Heat-related illnesses happen when a person is exposed to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat and humidity without relief or adequate fluids.
Helicobacter Pylori
Condition
Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, is a spiral-shaped bacterium found in the stomach.
Hemangiopericytoma
Condition
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor that grows in the body’s soft tissue, which includes fat, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and other fibrous tissue.
Hemifacial Microsomia
Condition
Hemifacial microsomia is a condition in which half of one side of the face is underdeveloped and doesn't grow normally.
Hemihyperplasia
Condition
Hemihyperplasia is a rare condition that causes uneven growth of one part or side of the body.
Hemitruncus
Condition
Hemitruncus is when one pulmonary artery branch arises from the ascending aorta just above the aortic sinuses, whereas the main pulmonary artery and the other pulmonary branch arise in their normal position.
Hemolytic Anemia
Condition
Hemolytic anemia is a sub-type of anemia, a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.
Hemolytic Disease
Condition
Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Condition
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that can lead to kidney failure in children.
Hemophilia
Condition
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that slows the body’s ability for form blood clots.
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Condition
Hemorrhagic disease is a bleeding problem that occurs in a baby during the first few days of life.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Condition
A hemorrhagic stroke is the result of bleeding in the brain.
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP)
Condition
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a form of vasculitis, a condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessels.
Hepatitis B
Condition
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Hepatitis C
Condition
Hepatitis C is an infection that can be mild or can lead to long-term liver disease.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Condition
Hepatocellular carcinoma, also called liver carcinoma, is a rare, aggressive type of liver cancer.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Condition
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of over 80 different genetic conditions that present with progressive spasticity (muscle tightness) and weakness.
Herpangina
Condition
Herpangina is characterized by small blister-like bumps or ulcers that appear in the mouth, usually in the back of throat or the roof of the mouth.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Condition
Herpes zoster (shingles) is a viral infection of the nerves that results in a painful rash of small blisters on a strip of skin anywhere on the body.
Heterotaxy
Condition
Heterotaxy is a rare condition where many organs in the body can be formed abnormally, in the wrong position, or even missing.
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)
Condition
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a blood vessel disorder that can cause internal bleeding.
Hip Dysplasia
Condition
Hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint has not developed properly and the socket (acetabulum) is too shallow.
Hip Fracture
Condition
A hip fracture is a partial or complete break in any of the three bones of the pelvis that make up the hip.
Hip Impingement
Condition
Hip impingement is a common cause of hip pain caused by abnormal bone development in the hip joint.
Hip Labral Tear
Condition
A hip labral tear is a tear in the rubbery tissue that normally cushions and supports the edge of the hip joint.
Hip Pain
Condition
Hip pain in teens and young adults is often a sign of an underlying problem.
Hirschsprung's Disease
Condition
Hirschsprung's disease occurs when intestinal nerve cells don’t develop properly.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Condition
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that causes cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce.
Horseshoe Kidney
Condition
Horseshoe kidney is a condition in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base.
Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
Condition
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are a group of viruses that cause different types of respiratory infections.
Hydrocele
Condition
A hydrocele is fluid around the testicles that presents as painless scrotal swelling.
Hydronephrosis
Condition
Hydronephrosis isn’t a specific diagnosis. Instead, it’s a finding that shows that urine is overfilling the kidney.
Hydrops Fetalis
Condition
Hydrops fetalis — or hydrops — is when large amounts of fluid build up in a baby’s tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling.
Hyperacusis
Condition
Hyperacusis is when a child has difficulty tolerating sounds at a volume or pitch that would not typically be bothersome to others.
Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice
Condition
Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in your baby’s blood. Because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of your baby’s skin and tissues, called jaundice.
Hyperparathyroidism
Condition
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone.
Hypertension
Condition
Hypertension (high blood pressure) refers to how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the artery through which it flows — not how quickly it flows.
Hyperthyroidism
Condition
Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder that increases metabolism and can affect many cells throughout the body.
Blood in the Eye (Hyphema)
Condition
Hyphema refers to blood collecting in the anterior chamber of the eye, the front section of the eye's interior.
Hypocalcemia
Condition
Hypocalcemia is a condition in which there is too little calcium in a baby's blood.
Hypoglycemia and Low Blood Sugar
Condition
Hypoglycemia is the state of having a blood glucose level that is too low to effectively fuel the body's cells.
Hypopituitarism
Condition
Hypopituitarism occurs when the anterior (front) lobe of the pituitary gland loses its ability to make hormones.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Condition
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a spectrum of heart diseases in which the left-heart structures are underdeveloped.
Hypospadias
Condition
In hypospadias, the opening of a boy’s urethra is located under the penis rather than at the tip.
Hypothyroidism
Condition
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid is underactive and produces an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Condition
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition that includes abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation or both that persist for two months or longer.
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Condition
Idiopathic scoliosis is one of three different types of scoliosis that causes a lateral curvature of the spine.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Condition
Iliotibial band syndrome is a common cause of knee and hip pain.
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
Condition
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder where your child's body attacks its own platelets and destroys them too quickly.
Imperforate Hymen
Condition
In an imperforate hymen, a membrane extends all the way across the area of the hymen, blocking the vaginal opening.
Impetigo
Condition
Impetigo is a superficial infection of the skin caused by bacteria, resulting in lesions that are often grouped and have a red base.
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
Condition
Infant respiratory distress syndrome, or hyaline membrane disease, causes babies to need extra oxygen and help breathing.
Infantile Scoliosis
Condition
Infantile scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curve of the spine that affects infants and toddlers.
Infantile Spasms
Condition
Infantile spasms, sometimes called West syndrome, are a type of seizure that occurs in babies.
Infectious Mononucleosis
Condition
Infectious mononucleosis, more commonly known as "mono,” is a viral illness that can cause flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and swollen lymph glands.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Condition
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition in which parts of the intestinal tract become inflamed.
Inguinal Hernia
Condition
A hernia that occurs in the groin area is called an inguinal hernia.
Inherited Retinal Disorders
Condition
An inherited retinal disorder (IRD) alters the structure and function of the retina and impairs vision.
Insomnia
Condition
Insomnia is common in children but highly treatable. It is characterized by frequent night wakings, bedtime battles and difficulty falling and staying asleep.
Interstitial Lung Disease
Condition
Interstitial lung disease is a group of rare lung diseases that can make it difficult to breathe.
Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis
Condition
Intestinal atresia means that your child's intestines haven't formed correctly. In intestinal stenosis, the intestine has narrowed so much that it's difficult for nutrients to move through.
Intestinal or Multivisceral Transplant
Condition
A multivisceral transplant is one in which the intestines are replaced, along with the liver and/or spleen, and sometimes the stomach.
Intestinal Transporter and Enzyme Disorders
Condition
Intestinal transporter and enzyme disorders are rare genetic diseases of the intestine.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
Condition
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles — spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.
Intussusception
Condition
Intussusception occurs when a portion of your child's intestine folds inside another segment — this causes an obstruction that prevents the passage of food, which is being digested.
Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia
Condition
Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a rare, inherited form of iron deficiency anemia.
Iritis (Uveitis)
Condition
Iritis is a form of uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. It’s the most common form of uveitis in children.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Condition
Iron deficiency anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when red blood cell counts are low due to a lack of iron.
Jaundice
Condition
Jaundice is a condition related to the liver that causes a child’s skin and eyes to appear yellow.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)
Condition
JPS is a hereditary condition identified by the presence of multiple polyps in the GI tract.
Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis
Condition
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to bone.
Juvenile Arthritis
Condition
Juvenile arthritis isn’t one condition, but is the general name for many types of arthritis that can occur in children.
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Condition
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which a child’s immune system attacks blood vessels throughout his body, causing muscle inflammation.
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Condition
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare type of blood cancer that occurs when bone marrow production of white blood cells becomes severely disregulated.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Condition
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign vascular tumor that appears in the nasal cavity.
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma (KHE)
Condition
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a benign tumor of a child's blood vessels.
Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon (KMP)
Condition
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a complication in which certain vascular tumors trap and destroy platelets.
Kawasaki Disease
Condition
Kawasaki disease is a childhood illness that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in many areas of the body.
Keloids
Condition
Keloids are nodules that develop on the surface of the skin following an injury or trauma to that area.
Keratoconus
Condition
Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition that causes distorted, blurry vision.
Kidney Failure
Condition
Kidney failure refers to damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function.
Kidney Stones
Condition
Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts formed within the urinary tract.
Kleefstra Syndrome
Condition
Kleefstra syndrome is a rare condition that can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in your child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Knock Knees
Condition
Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart.
Krabbe Disease
Condition
Krabbe disease is when an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules affects the cells in the nervous system.
Kyphosis in Children
Condition
Kyphosis is an abnormal forward curve in the upper spine.
Labial Hypertrophy
Condition
Labial hypertrophy is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia grow to larger sizes.
Labial Hypoplasia
Condition
Labial hypoplasia is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia don't form normally during puberty.
Lactose Intolerance
Condition
Lactose intolerance is when people lack lactase, which breaks lactose into a form that can be absorbed by the blood.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Condition
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) occurs when a child has too many of a certain cell type called Langerhans cells.
Large Cell Lymphoma
Condition
Large cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Laryngeal Cleft
Condition
A laryngeal cleft (or laryngotracheal cleft) is an abnormal opening between the larynx and the esophagus.
Laryngeal Papilloma
Condition
Laryngeal papillomas are viral-induced growths that usually occur on the vocal cords and surrounding structures.
Laryngomalacia (Laryngealmalacia)
Condition
Laryngomalacia (or laryngealmalacia) results from a birth defect in your child’s voice box (larynx).
Latex Allergy
Condition
In a latex allergy, a child may experience symptoms such as wheezing or hives any time a product made from latex comes into contact with your child’s skin, mucous membranes, or even bloodstream.
LDL, HDL, and Triglycerides
Condition
Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance that can be found all over the body. LDL, HDL, and triglycerides are types of cholesterol.
Lead Poisoning
Condition
Lead poisoning occurs when lead — once a common ingredient in paint and still used in batteries, pipes, pottery, and some cosmetics — builds up in the body.
Learning Disorders and Disabilities
Condition
“Learning disorder” and “specific learning disability” refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be explained by inadequate educational opportunity or emotional or sensory disabilities.
Leber's Optic Atrophy
Condition
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy causes a painless loss of central vision in people between 12 and 30 years old.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Condition
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (aka Perthes disease) happens when the ball-shaped head of the thighbone temporarily loses its blood supply.
Leiomyosarcoma
Condition
Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of the muscle, particularly of soft tissue.
Leukemia
Condition
Leukemia is a type of blood cancer. It develops in the bone marrow and is the most common form of cancer in children.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Condition
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary condition that is often associated with a pathogenic variant in the TP53 gene.
Limb Length Discrepancy
Condition
A limb-length discrepancy is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other leg or arm.
Liposarcoma
Condition
Liposarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor that develops in fat tissue.
Little League Elbow
Condition
Little League elbow is a broad term that generally refers to an injury to the elbow’s tendons, ligaments, and/or bones in a young, throwing athlete.
Little League Shoulder
Condition
Little League shoulder happens when an athlete throws too often or repeatedly throws the wrong way and hurts his shoulder.
Liver Injuries
Condition
The liver, the largest organ in your body, can be injured by landing or being hit on the right chest or upper abdomen.
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Condition
Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a rare, genetic condition that affects the formation of a child’s connective tissue.
Long QT Syndrome
Condition
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition that affects the heart’s electrical rhythm and can cause fast, erratic heartbeats.
Lordosis
Condition
Lordosis is an exaggerated curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back.
Low Birthweight in Newborns
Condition
A birthweight less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces, is diagnosed as low birthweight.
Low-Grade Gliomas
Condition
Low-grade gliomas are brain tumors that originate from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.
Pediatric Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus)
Condition
Lupus causes the immune system to mistakenly attack the body. It’s unpredictabe: It can affect many parts of the body at the same time.
Lyme Disease
Condition
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the U.S.
Lymphatic Malformation
Condition
A lymphatic malformation is a sponge-like collection of abnormal growths that contain clear fluid.
Lymphedema
Condition
Lymphedema is a chronic, progressive disease that causes swelling because of non-functioning lymphatic vessels.
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Condition
Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a cancer of immature cells of the immune system.
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency
Condition
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is a subset of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LALD).
Macrodactyly
Condition
Macrodactyly is an uncommon condition in which a baby's toes or fingers are abnormally large due to the overgrowth of the underlying bone and soft tissue.
Madelung's Deformity
Condition
Madelung’s deformity is a rare arm condition that affects the growth plate of the radius.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocystoma
Condition
A malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a type of cancerous tumor that can start in bone or in the soft tissues that connect, support, or surround organs and other body parts.
Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor
Condition
A malignant rhabdoid tumor is a rare childhood tumor that commonly starts in the kidneys but also can occur in other soft tissues or in the brain.
Malocclusion
Condition
Malocclusion is when there's any irregular contact of the teeth of the upper jaw with the teeth of the lower jaw.
Malunion Fracture
Condition
A malunion fracture is a broken bone that heals abnormally.
Marfan Syndrome
Condition
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes the body's connective tissues to be weaker than they should be.
Mastoiditis
Condition
Mastoiditis is an inflammation or infection of the mastoid bone, which consists of air cells that drain the middle ear.
Measles (Rubeola)
Condition
Measles, also called rubeola, is a very contagious respiratory illness caused by a virus.
Medulloblastoma
Condition
A medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls complex motor functions.
Megaloblastic Pernicious Anemia
Condition
Megaloblastic anemia is a form of anemia characterized by very large red blood cells and a decrease in the number of those cells.
Melanoma (Skin Cancer)
Condition
Melanoma is a highly malignant skin cancer that begins in melanocytes — cells that make melanin — of normal skin or moles and spreads rapidly and widely.
Meningioma
Condition
Meningioma is a slow-growing and usually non-cancerous tumor that originates in the meninges, the membrane layer covering the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
Condition
Meningitis is a bacterial or viral infection that causes three thin layers of tissue that surround the brain and the spinal cord to swell.
Meningococcal Infections
Condition
Meningococcal infections are caused by a group of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis.
Menstrual Irregularities
Condition
The most common cause for menstrual irregularities is when a woman's ovaries don't release an egg.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Condition
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare genetic condition in which an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules (sulfatides) affects cells in the nervous system.
Metatarsus Adductus
Condition
Metatarsus adductus (metatarsus varus) is a common deformity that causes the front half of the foot to turn inward.
Metopic Synostosis (Trigonocephaly)
Condition
Metopic synostosis (trigonocephaly or metopic suture craniosynostosis) is a type of craniosynostosis, when a developing infant’s skull fuses too early.
Microcephaly
Condition
In microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child's age.
Microperforate Hymen
Condition
A microperforate hymen is when the hymenal membrane extends all the way across the hymenal area with only a very small hole in the center.
Microtia
Condition
Microtia is a birth defect of a baby’s ear in which the external ear is small and not properly formed.
Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID)
Condition
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare genetic disease of the intestine that causes severe diarrhea and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Midaortic Syndrome
Condition
Midaortic syndrome is a very rare condition in which part of the aorta that runs through the chest and abdomen narrows.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Condition
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also called pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome temporally related to SARS CoV-2 (PMIS or PIMS-TS), is a potentially serious illness in children that appears to be a delayed, post-infectious complication of COVID-19 infection.
Misophonia
Condition
Misophonia is a neurophysiological disorder characterized by an excessive reaction of anger, disgust, and a “fight-or-flight” response to specific sounds.
Mitochondrial Disease
Condition
Mitochondrial disease is not a single disorder but an umbrella term for dozens of individual disorders in which the body’s cells have problems producing energy.
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Condition
Mitral valve stenosis happens when the mitral valve is too narrow, causing blood to back up in the heart’s left atrium.
Mold Allergy
Condition
A mold allergy is an abnormal response of your child’s body to mold.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Condition
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral disease that causes small pink or skin-colored bumps on your child's skin.
Monkeypox
Condition
Monkeypox (MPX) is a viral infection that can cause a painful rash, fever, head and muscle aches, and exhaustion.
Morquio Syndrome
Condition
Morquio syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects a child’s bones and spine, organs, and physical abilities.
Movement Disorders
Condition
Children with movement disorders have involuntary movements or trouble moving in the way they intend to.
Moyamoya Disease
Condition
Moyamoya is a rare condition in which the blood vessels (internal carotid arteries) that supply blood to the brain become narrowed.
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)
Condition
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a rare, closely related group of blood disorders in which the bone marrow overproduces red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
MPS I (Hurler Syndrome)
Condition
Children with mucopolysarcharidosis type I (MPS I) have an abnormal accumulation of complex sugars in their cells, which affects many of the systems in their bodies.
MPS II (Hunter Syndrome)
Condition
Children with mucopolysarcharidosis type II (MPS II) have an abnormal accumulation of complex sugars in their cells, which affects many systems in their bodies.
Mucolipidosis I
Condition
Mucolipidosis I (ML I), or sialidosis, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucolipidosis II (ML II)
Condition
Mucolipidosis II (ML II), or I-cell disease, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucolipidosis III (ML III)
Condition
Mucolipidosis III (ML III) is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type IVA (MPS IVA)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA), also known as Morquio syndrome type A, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type IVB (MPS IVB)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type IVB (MPS IVB), also known as Morquio syndrome type B, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type VI (MPS VI)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type VI (MPS VI), also known as Maroteaux-Lamay syndrome, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type VII (MPS VII)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly syndrome, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Condition
Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a condition in which the kidney has been essentially replaced by multiple cysts.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Condition
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is an inherited genetic multiple endocrine neoplasia that causes tumors to grow in several of the body’s hormone-producing, endocrine organs.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Condition
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is when the body's immune system reacts against the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency
Condition
Multiple sulfatase deficiency is a complex, inherited disorder caused by a genetic mutation.
Mumps
Condition
Mumps is a very contagious viral illness that usually makes a child have a fever and swollen salivary glands in his mouth and near his ear.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
Condition
Muscular dystrophy is a general name for a group of rare diseases that cause muscle weakness. It is caused by mutations in certain genes.
Myasthenia Gravis
Condition
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes the muscles, especially in the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs, to weaken after periods of activity.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Children
Condition
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a rare disease of the blood, only occurring in four out of every 1 million children.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Condition
Myocarditis and pericarditis are inflammatory conditions that affect the heart.
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Condition
Children with myopia (nearsightedness) can see close up, but have problems seeing things far away.
Narcolepsy
Condition
Narcolepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes severe daytime sleepiness.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Condition
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cancer that arises in the nasal cavity and pharynx (throat).
Neck Masses (Cysts and Sinuses of the Head and Neck)
Condition
Neck masses are rarely cancerous. The majority are benign enlarged lymph nodes caused by infection or inflammation.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Condition
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal illness in babies that results in the death of intestinal tissues.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
Condition
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a term for a group of problems a baby experiences when withdrawing from exposure to narcotics.
Neonatal Stroke
Condition
Neonatal stroke is stroke in newborns between birth and 28 days.
Nervous System Disorders
Condition
Nervous system disorders can involve a range of conditions that may be chronic or may be triggered by secondary factors.
Neuroblastoma
Condition
Neuroblastoma is a cancerous tumor that begins in nerve tissue of young children.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Condition
Neurocutaneous syndrome is a broad term for a group of neurologic (brain, spine, and peripheral nerve) disorders.
Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
Condition
Neuroendocrine tumors, also known as NETs, are growths that develop from specialized, hormone-producing neuroendocrine tissue distributed throughout the body.
Neurofibromatosis
Condition
Neurofibromatosis 1 is a genetic condition that causes symptoms including tumors (called neurofibromas) formed from nerve tissue.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Condition
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that causes slow-growing tumors to develop on the eighth cranial nerve.
Neurofibrosarcoma
Condition
Neurofibrosarcomas (peripheral nerve sheath tumors) are malignant tumors that form in the soft tissues surrounding the peripheral nerves.
Neurogenic Bladder
Condition
Neurogenic bladder is a urinary tract dysfunction in which the bladder doesn’t empty, properly due to a neurological condition or spinal cord injury.
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Condition
Neuromuscular scoliosis is one of three main types of scoliosis that cause an irregular curvature of the spine.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type A
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type B
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease type B is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Condition
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) all start in lymph tissue and share some similarities in how the cells look under a microscope.
Non-Ossifying Fibroma
Condition
A non-ossifying fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous), non-aggressive tumor that consists mainly of fibrous tissue. It usually occurs in the thighbone or shinbone.
Nosebleeds
Condition
Nosebleeds (epistaxis) are fairly common in children, especially in dry climates or during the winter months.
Nursemaid's Elbow
Condition
Nursemaid’s elbow (“pulled elbow”) occurs when the ligament that holds the radius in place at the elbow joint slips and the end of the radius shifts out of position.
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Condition
A child or adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder has obsessive thoughts that are unwanted and related to fears, and uses compulsive rituals to control the fears.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Condition
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is when a child’s breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep.
Odontogenic Tumors
Condition
Odontogenic tumors are any kind of abnormal growth in and around the jaw and teeth; many of these tumors are considered to be benign.
Oligodendroglioma
Condition
Oligodendrogliomas are low-grade gliomas, a type of brain tumor, that arise from a type of cell called an oligodendrocyte.
Omphalocele
Condition
An omphalocele is a congenital abnormality in which some of the abdominal organs of an infant protrude through an opening in the muscles near the umbilical cord.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Condition
Oppositional defiant disorder is one of the commonly diagnosed disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents.
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
Condition
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome happens when a small tumor or a viral infection triggers the immune system to attack the nervous system.
Optic Nerve Glioma (Optic Pathway Glioma)
Condition
An optic nerve glioma (also called an optic pathway glioma) is a slow-growing brain tumor that arises in or around the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain.
Optic Neuritis (ON)
Condition
Optic neuritis (ON) involves an attack of inflammation (swelling) in your optic nerve.
Orbital Cellulitis (Periorbital Cellulitis)
Condition
Orbital cellulitis and periorbital cellulitis are inflammation and infection of the tissue and skin surrounding the eye.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
Condition
OTC deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) enzyme.
Oromandibular Limb Hypoplasia
Condition
Oromandibular limb hypoplasia is a group of rare conditions that involve congenital malformations of the tongue and jawbones.
Os Odontoideum
Condition
Os odontoideum happens when a separation occurs at the top of the spine.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Condition
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse condition or knee injury that causes a painful bump and swelling on the shinbone.
Osteoblastoma
Condition
Osteoblastoma is a benign, bone-forming tumor that’s most often found in the lower vertebrae of the spine or long bones of the lower extremity.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Condition
Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint disorder in which a segment of bone and cartilage starts to separate from the rest of the bone.
Osteochondroma (Extosis)
Condition
Osteochondroma is a typically non-cancerous (benign) bone tumor that generally appears near the growth plate.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Condition
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by fragile bones that break easily without a specific cause.
Osteoid Osteoma
Condition
An osteoid osteoma is a benign, small tumor that usually grows in the long bones of a person’s lower extremities.
Osteosarcoma
Condition
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents, and young adults.
Outer Ear Injury
Condition
Injuries to the outer ear, ear canal, or eardrum can be painful as well as noticeable.
Ovarian Cysts
Condition
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that usually dissolve after ovulation and can cause pain, but most often go away on their own.
Ovarian Masses and Ovarian Tumors in Adolescents
Condition
Ovarian masses and tumors can form in infants and adolescents born female on one or both ovaries.
Overuse Injuries
Condition
Overuse injuries are sports-related microtraumas that result from repetitively using the same parts of the body.
Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma
Condition
Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas are tumors that develop out of the neuroendocrine tissue responsible for making epinephrine.
Parkes Weber Syndrome
Condition
PWS is an exceptionally rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in a child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Condition
Parry-Romberg syndrome, also call Romberg syndrome or progressive facial hemiatrophy, is a condition where the tissue of one side of the face gradually wastes away.
Patellar Instability
Condition
Patellar instability (kneecap dislocation) happens when the kneecap slides out of place.
Patellofemoral Pain
Condition
Patellofemoral pain is pain around the front of the knee.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Condition
Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital heart condition where there is a persistent connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) in Children
Condition
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the wall that that separates the heart’s two upper chambers (atria).
Peanut Allergy
Condition
A peanut allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in peanuts.
Pearson Syndrome
Condition
Pearson syndrome is a very rare condition that affects various parts of the body, and it is caused by a mutation — or changing of structure — in the mitochondrial DNA.
Pectus Carinatum
Condition
Pectus carinatum, also known as pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward.
Pectus Excavatum
Condition
Pectus excavatum, also known as concave chest or funnel chest, is a deformity of the chest wall.
Pediatric and Childhood Cancers
Condition
While childhood cancer is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring intensive treatment, the majority of pediatric cancers are treatable.
Pediatric Fibromyalgia and Musculoskeletal Pain
Condition
Fibromyalgia is when pain is being set off by things that feel painless to most people — getting a friendly pat on the back, for instance.
Pelvic Pain
Condition
Pelvic pain is defined as frequently experienced pain in the region below the belly button and between the hips.
Peptic Ulcers in Children
Condition
A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
Perichondritis
Condition
Perichondritis is an infection of the skin and tissue surrounding the cartilage of the outer ear.
Periodontal Diseases
Condition
Periodontal diseases, also called gum diseases, are serious bacterial infections that destroy the gums and the surrounding tissues of the mouth.
Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis
Condition
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing in one or more of the branches of the pulmonary arteries.
Periventricular Leukomalacia
Condition
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a type of brain injury most common in very premature babies.
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Condition
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome causes multiple polyps (abnormal growths) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Condition
Pfeiffer syndrome is a complex genetic disorder in which certain bones in the skull fuse early in their development.
PHACE Syndrome
Condition
PHACE is an associated collection of disorders characterized by a large infantile hemangioma on a child's face, scalp, and neck
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
Condition
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are infections that cause inflammation and soreness in the throat.
Phelan-McDermid Syndrome
Condition
Phelan-McDermid syndrome, also called 22q13 deletion syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by deletion of part of chromosome 22 or a defect in a gene called SHANK3.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Condition
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetically determined metabolic disorder that is highly treatable.
Pheochromocytomas
Condition
A pheochromocytoma is a tumor on the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones.
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Condition
Phimosis is a constriction of the opening of the foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back over the tip of the penis. Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin is retracted behind the corona (or crown) of the penis and cannot be returned to the unretracted position.
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
Condition
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the soft connective tissue of joints.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Condition
A pilocytic astrocytoma is a brain tumor that originates from star-shaped cells called astrocytes.
Pilonidal Disease
Condition
Pilonidal disease is a chronic infection of the skin in the area between the buttocks.
Pityriasis Rosea
Condition
Pityriasis rosea is a common and mild skin condition characterized by scaly, pink, and inflamed skin.
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PK)
Condition
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a rare, genetic, lifelong condition that affects red blood cells.
Plagiocephaly
Condition
Plagiocephaly (also called deformational plagiocephaly or positional plagiocephaly) causes a baby’s head to have a flattened appearance.
Plantar Fasciitis
Condition
Plantar fasciitis is pain on the bottom of one or both heels, caused by irritation to the plantar fascia, which are the dense tissue bands that connect the heels to the toes.
Platelet Function Disorders
Condition
A platelet function disorder is when blood may not be able to clot normally, which results in an increased risk of bleeding.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Condition
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare, benign brain tumor that likely arises from cells in the nervous system that make up the supportive network for the brain.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Condition
As many as 75 percent of girls and women experience unpleasant symptoms or painful pelvic cramps before or during their monthly menstrual cycle, called premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac
Condition
The oils of the poison ivy plants can cause an allergic reaction in nearly 85 percent of the population.
Polio (Poliomyelitis)
Condition
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly contagious infectious disease that can result in paralysis.
Pollen Allergy
Condition
A pollen allergy is a reaction to a fine powdery substance that come from flowering plants, including trees, grasses, and weeds.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Condition
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition characterized by a hormonal imbalance resulting in irregular or absent menstrual periods, acne, and/or increased facial/body hair growth.
Polycythemia
Condition
Polycythemia is a blood disorder occurring when there are too many red blood cells in the body.
Polydactyly
Condition
Polydactyly is a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers.
Pompe Disease
Condition
Pompe disease is caused by a genetic mutation that causes a buildup of complex sugars in the body’s tissues.
Portal Hypertension Liver Disease
Condition
Portal hypertension is an increase in pressure within the portal vein, the vessel that carries blood from the intestines and the spleen to the liver.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Condition
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition that affects people who have survived a terrifying physical or emotional event.
Posterior Urethral Valves
Condition
Urethral valves occur when a boy is born with extra flaps of tissue that have grown in his urethra.
Precocious Early Puberty
Condition
Precocious, or early, puberty is when a child enters the process of becoming sexually mature too early.
Premature Adrenarche
Condition
Premature adrenarche is characterized by changes in the body as your child enters her teen years.
Prematurity
Condition
A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature. Slightly fewer than 12 percent of all babies are premature.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Condition
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic condition in which the liver’s bile ducts become inflamed and scarred.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET)
Condition
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) and pineoblastoma are a group of tumors defined by their appearance and are thought to develop from primitive (undeveloped) nerve cells in the brain.
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)
Condition
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a genetic disorder caused by a defect in a gene called PTEN.
Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Pulmonary atresia occurs when the pulmonary valve — normally located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery — doesn’t form properly.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Condition
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is abnormally high blood pressure that occurs in the arteries of the lungs (the pulmonary arteries).
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Condition
Pulmonary valve stenosis is the term describing a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
Condition
Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare condition in which the veins that carry blood from the lungs back to the heart are narrowed.
Pyloric Stenosis
Condition
A main symptom of pyloric stenosis is when young babies projectile vomit on a regular basis.
Rabies
Condition
Rabies is a viral infection of certain warm-blooded animals (such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and bats) and is caused by a virus in the Rhabdoviridae family.
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency (Radial Club Hand)
Condition
Radial longitudinal deficiency (radial club hand) is a rare condition that affects the forearm.
Radioulnar Synostosis
Condition
Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition in which the two bones of the forearm — the radius and the ulna — are abnormally connected.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Condition
Raynaud’s phenomenon is when a child’s blood vessels react in an exaggerated way to cold or stress.
Rectal Prolapse in Children
Condition
Rectal prolapse occurs when the lining of a child's rectum protrudes through the anus and outside the body.
Red Blood Cell Disorders
Condition
Red blood cell (RBC) disorders are conditions that affect red blood cells, the cells of blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)
Condition
Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) happens when athletes do not get enough fuel through food to support the energy demands of their daily lives and training.
Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma
Condition
Relapsed neuroblastoma is when neuroblastoma returns in patients who have already undergone treatment for the disease. Refractory neuroblastoma is when the tumor does not respond to initial treatment.
Renal Artery Stenosis
Condition
Renal artery stenosis is when one or more of the vessels carrying blood to the kidneys become narrowed.
Respiratory Distress
Condition
A child is in respiratory distress when he or she has difficulty breathing.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Condition
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a viral organism that can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Retinoblastoma
Condition
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the eye. It arises from the retina.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Condition
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affects blood vessels in premature babies’ eyes. Infants with more severe forms of ROP face a serious risk of blindness.
Rett Syndrome
Condition
Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes a loss of spoken language and motor skills, as well as behavioral and neurological problems.
Reye Syndrome
Condition
Reye syndrome is a rare condition that affects the normal chemical balance in the body, resulting in potential damage to all organs, but primarily the brain and liver.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Condition
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that grows in the body's soft tissues.
Ringworm
Condition
Ringworm is a skin condition characterized by a ring-shaped red, scaly rash, or patches with clearing centers.
Robin Sequence
Condition
Robin sequence (aka Pierre Robin sequence) is a combination of facial differences that are present at birth.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Condition
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an infection caused by a type of bacteria carried by ticks.
Roseola
Condition
Roseola is a viral illness that results in a rash or skin eruption. It usually consists of a high fever and a rash that develops as the fever decreases.
Rotavirus Infections
Condition
Rotavirus is a contagious virus. Among children, it's the leading cause of severe diarrhea.
Rubella
Condition
Rubella is a viral illness that results in a rash or skin eruption.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT)
Condition
A sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a benign tumor that develops at the base of your child's coccyx (tailbone).
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Condition
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones, which prevents the skull from growing normally and affects the shape of the head and face.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Condition
Sanfilippo syndrome (aka mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III)) is a rare, inherited disorder that's classified as a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD).
Sarcoidosis
Condition
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that results in granulomas, which are small, rounded growths consisting of blood vessels, cells, and connective tissue.
Scarlet Fever
Condition
Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a contagious infection caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat.
Schizophrenia in Children
Condition
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric illness that is rooted in the biology of the brain.
Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
Condition
Schwannoma (also called neurilemoma) is a benign tumor that can arise from any nerve in the body, but tends to favor certain nerves located in the head and neck
Scleroderma
Condition
Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune condition that leads to scarring of the skin, joints, and other internal organs.
Scoliosis
Condition
Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine has an abnormal curve. A spine with scoliosis curves front to back but also curves sideways.
Second-Degree Burns
Condition
A second-degree burn affects the outer and underlying layers of skin: the epidermis and dermis.
Seizures in Children
Condition
Seizures happen when brain cells fire or “talk” too much, temporarily disrupting the brain’s normal electrical signals. They’re quite common, especially in infants and young children.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Condition
Sensorineural hearing loss is an extremely common type of hearing loss that affects the inner ear.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Condition
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to.
Septal Defects
Condition
A septal defect is a hole in the septum, which is the muscle wall that separates the heart's left and right chambers.
Septate Hymen
Condition
A septate hymen is when, because of an extra band of tissue in the middle, there are two smaller openings to the vagina instead of one.
Septate Uterus
Condition
A woman with a septate uterus has a normal shaped uterus with a wall of tissue creating two cavities.
Septic (Infectious) Arthritis
Condition
Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint tissues and the joint's fluid (synovial fluid).
Sever's Disease
Condition
Sever’s disease occurs when the growth plate in the back of the heel becomes inflamed and painful.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Condition
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), often called “bubble boy disease,” is very rare, genetic disorder.
Shin Splints
Condition
“Shin splints” is a catch-all term for tenderness and pain in the area of the shin bone (tibia).
Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)
Condition
Short bowel syndrome, or "short gut," is a condition caused by the loss of a functioning small intestine.
Shoulder Dislocation
Condition
A shoulder dislocation happens when the ball at the top of the arm bone separates from the shoulder socket.
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Condition
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure, characterized by a low number of white blood cells, poor growth due to difficulty absorbing food, and, in some cases, skeletal abnormalities.
Sialic Acid Storage Disease
Condition
Sialic acid storage disease is a rare, inherited disorder that predominantly affects the central nervous system.
Sickle Cell Disease
Condition
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder where cells cluster together, making it difficult for them to move through small blood vessels, thus denying oxygen to the blood.
Single Ventricle Defects
Condition
A single ventricle defect occurs when one of the two pumping chambers in the heart, called ventricles, isn’t large enough or strong enough to work correctly.
Sitosterolemia
Condition
Sitosterolemia is a rare genetic disease that causes the fatty substances, or lipids, from plant-based foods such as nuts and vegetable oils to accumulate in arteries, likely increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart disease.
Skeletal Dysplasia
Condition
Skeletal dysplasia is a category of rare genetic disorders that cause abnormal development of a baby’s bones, joints, and cartilage.
Skin Pigment Disorders
Condition
Skin pigment disorders affect the amount of melanin in a child's skin, affecting skin color.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Condition
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is one of the most common developmental conditions of the hip joint.
Slow Weight Gain in Infants and Children
Condition
Slow weight gain, sometimes called “failure to thrive," is a manifestation of many factors that prevent a child from getting the calories they need for healthy growth.
Small Cuts and Scrapes
Condition
Most cuts and scrapes are minor injuries that can be treated at home.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Condition
Soft tissue sarcomas are cancerous tumors that begin in the tissues that connect, support, or surround the body's organs and structures.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Condition
Somatic symptom and related disorders are diseases in which youth have physical symptoms that are very distressing or result in significant disruption of their daily functioning.
Soy Allergy
Condition
A soy allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in soy.
Speech, Language, and Hearing Development Problems
Condition
The most common cause of speech delay in children is the persistence of fluid behind the eardrum and the associated hearing loss.
Spider Telangiectasias
Condition
Spider telangiectasias look like little red lines on a child's skin and are usually just a cosmetic problem.
Spina Bifida
Condition
Spina bifida occurs when the brain, spinal cord, or the membranes that cover them (meninges) do not completely develop.
Spinal Cord Injury
Condition
A spinal cord injury is any damage to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma, rather than a birth defect or medical condition.
Spinal Fracture
Condition
A spinal cord fracture is a break to the cervical, thoracic, and/or lumbar vertebrae.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Condition
Spinal muscular atrophy is when muscles throughout the body are weakened because nerve cells in the spinal cord and brainstem do not work properly.
Spine Problems
Condition
Spine problems develop when normal spinal curves grow too large, or the spine curves in the wrong way, or when the vertebrae are not strong enough to support the spine, or injuries that compromise the structure of the spine.
Spleen Injuries
Condition
Spleen injuries often happen when your child hit or falls in a way that causes the left chest or upper abdomen to hit the spleen.
Splinters
Condition
Splinters are sharp slivers of wood, glass, or other debris that is lodged underneath the skin.
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Condition
Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the lower back. If left untreated, it can progress to spondylolisthesis, where vertebra, weakened by fracture, slips out of alignment with the rest of the spine.
Sports Eye Injuries
Condition
Sports-related eye injuries often are caused by blunt trauma to the eye by an object.
Sprains and Strains
Condition
Sprains are ligament injuries resulting from wrenching or twisting a joint. Strains are injuries to a muscle or tendon.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) in Children
Condition
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) causes a reddening and blistering of the skin that gives it a scalded or burned look.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Condition
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infectious diseases spread through sexual contact.
Stickler Syndrome
Condition
Stickler syndrome is a relatively common congenital condition that affects the formation of a connective tissue called collagen.
Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers
Condition
An ulcer is an open sore or lesion usually found on the skin or mucous membrane.
Strabismus and Amblyopia
Condition
Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not aligned properly. Amblyopia from strabismus occurs when vision does not develop normally during childhood because the eyes are not aligned.
Stress Fractures
Condition
A stress fracture is a tiny crack that forms in the bone, usually as a result of overuse or repetitive, stress-bearing motions.
Stridor
Condition
Stridor is a high-pitched sound that is usually heard best when your child breathes in (known as “inspiration”). It’s usually caused by an obstruction or narrowing in your child's upper airway.
Stroke in Children
Condition
Stroke is a general term that is used to describe an injury to the brain caused by either bleeding (referred to as hemorrhagic stroke) or a lack of oxygen due to vessel obstruction (referred to as ischemic stroke).
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Condition
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neurological condition that is present at birth and is not hereditary.
Stuttering
Condition
Stuttering, sometimes referred to as stammering or diffluent speech, can be very humiliating for a child.
Stye (Hordeolum)
Condition
A stye, or hordeolum, is an inflammation of part of the eyelash.
Subglottic Hemangioma
Condition
A subglottic hemangioma is a large mass of blood vessels in the airway, typically below the vocal chords.
Subglottic Stenosis
Condition
Subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords and above the trachea.
Substance Use Disorders
Condition
Substance use disorders cause physical, mental health, and/or functional problems.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Condition
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually associated with sleep and often occurs while a baby is sleeping in a crib.
Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)
Condition
Otitis externa, or swimmer's ear, is the inflammation of the external ear canal caused by fungi or bacteria.
Symbrachydactyly
Condition
Symbrachydactyly is a condition of short fingers that may be webbed or joined.
Syncope
Condition
Syncope is the medical term for fainting. It’s a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when not enough blood goes to the brain.
Syndactyly
Condition
Syndactyly is a condition in which children are born with fused or webbed fingers.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Condition
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) occurs when excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones are produced.
Synovial Sarcoma
Condition
Synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of the soft tissues, usually around joints.
Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases (SAIDs)
Condition
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs), sometimes called periodic fever syndromes, are a group of conditions that result from an inappropriate inflammatory response by the body.
Tarsal Coalition
Condition
A tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection between two or more of the tarsal bones.
Tectal Gliomas
Condition
A tectal glioma is a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor in the tectum, the roof of the brain stem.
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMD)
Condition
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is when the temporomandibular joint is overexerted.
Tennis Elbow
Condition
Tennis elbow is an injury to the tendons attaching the forearm muscles to the outer part of the elbow.
Teratoma
Condition
A teratoma is a congenital (present prior to birth) tumor formed by different types of tissue.
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Condition
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Testicular Torsion
Condition
Testicular torsion, sometimes referred to as torsion of the spermatic cord, is a twisting of the spermatic cord that cuts off the blood supply to the testicle.
Tetanus
Condition
Tetanus is an acute, sometimes fatal, disease of the central nervous system, caused by the toxin of the tetanus bacterium.
Tethered Spinal Cord
Condition
A tethered spinal cord occurs when the spinal cord is attached to tissue around the spine, most commonly at the base.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a serious congenital heart defect where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia is a more severe form of TOF, where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Thalamic Astrocytoma and Hypothalamic Astrocytoma
Condition
Thalamic and hypothalamic astrocytomas are tumors that develop in the brain’s glial or supportive tissues.
Thalassemia
Condition
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.
Third-Degree Burn
Condition
A third-degree burn destroys the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the entire layer beneath (or dermis).
Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome
Condition
Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is a chest wall deformity that interferes with lung function and development.
Thrombocytopenia
Condition
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which there are too few platelets, the blood cells that prevent bleeding.
Thrombosis (Blood Clots)
Condition
Thrombosis is a blood clot that develops within veins or arteries in the body.
Thrush Candidiasis and Yeast Infections
Condition
Thrush candidiasis is an infection in the mouth caused by yeast on the skin and/or mucous membranes.
Thumb Duplication (Pre-Axial Polydactyly)
Condition
Children with thumb duplication have two thumbs on one hand.
Thumb Hypoplasia and Aplasia
Condition
Thumb hypoplasia means that your child’s thumb is unusually small or underdeveloped. Thumb aplasia means that your child’s thumb is missing altogether.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Condition
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a mass or lump in the front part of neck that is filled with fluid.
Thyroid Cancer in Children
Condition
Pediatric thyroid cancer (also called thyroid carcinoma) occurs when cells in the thyroid gland become abnormal and grow out of control.
Thyroid Nodules
Condition
A thyroid nodule is a lump that forms within the thyroid gland.
Tibial Torsion
Condition
Tibial torsion is the twisting of a child’s shinbone (tibia).
Tick Bites
Condition
Ticks are small insects that attach their bodies onto a human or animal host. Bites often occur at night and occur more in the spring and summer months.
Tinea Versicolor
Condition
Tinea versicolor is a common fungal skin infection characterized by lighter or darker patches on the skin.
Toileting Issues
Condition
Toileting difficulties include inability/refusal to toilet train, constipation, encopresis, daytime wetting, and bedwetting.
Toothache (Pulpitis)
Condition
Toothaches are caused by an inflammation of the pulp inside the tooth.
TORCH
Condition
TORCH is an acronym for a group of diseases that cause congenital (present at birth) conditions if a fetus is exposed to them in the uterus.
Torn Meniscus
Condition
A torn meniscus can happen during any activity in which the knee is compressed or forcefully twisted or rotated.
Torsion of the Appendix Testis
Condition
Torsion of the appendix testis is a twisting of a vestigial appendage that is located along the testicle.
Torticollis
Condition
Torticollis, or wryneck, is a twisted neck. It’s relatively common in children.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Condition
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is the compression of nerves and blood vessels in the upper chest that travel to the arms through the thoracic outlet.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Condition
TAPVR occurs when the blood vessels that drain the lungs (pulmonary veins) are not connected normally to the heart.
Tourette Syndrome
Condition
Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by multiple repeated, unintentional tics.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Condition
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-threatening skin disorder characterized by a blistering and peeling of the skin.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Condition
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening complication of bacterial infection or colonization.
Toxoplasmosis
Condition
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a parasite, and it's usually acquired by the parasite getting into the body by the mouth.
Tracheal Diverticulum
Condition
A tracheal diverticulum is a pouch in the trachea (windpipe).
Tracheal Stenosis
Condition
Tracheal stenosis is a constriction or narrowing of the cartilage that supports the windpipe (trachea).
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Condition
A tracheoesophageal fistula is when there is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.
Tracheomalacia
Condition
Tracheomalacia is the collapse of the airway when breathing.
Transient Ischemic Attack
Condition
Transient ischemic attacks are temporary deficits in neurologic function caused by a brief interruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
Condition
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a term for a mild respiratory problem of babies that begins after birth and lasts about three days. TTN is also known as "wet lungs."
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Condition
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is when the “great” arteries, the aorta and the right ventricle, are reversed in their origins from the heart.
Transverse Vaginal Septum
Condition
A transverse vaginal septum is a horizontal so-called wall of tissue that has formed during embryologic development and essentially creates a blockage of the vagina.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Condition
Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic birth disorder characterized by the premature joining of certain bones of the skull during development.
Tree Nut Allergies
Condition
A tree nut allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in tree nuts.
Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome (THE)
Condition
Trichohepatoenteric syndrome is an extremely rare genetic condition that affects a child’s hair, liver, and intestines.
Tricuspid Atresia
Condition
In tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve — which is normally located between the right atrium and the right ventricle — is missing, as is the right ventricle.
Trigger Thumb
Condition
Trigger thumb refers to a thumb that catches, locks, or gets stuck in a flexed position.
Trisomies and Monosomies
Condition
A trisomy and a monosomy are types of numerical chromosome abnormalities that can cause certain birth defects.
Trisomy 18 and 13
Condition
Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are fatal genetic birth disorders.
Truncus Arteriosus
Condition
Truncus arteriosus is a heart defect in which a single artery instead of two (truncus arteriosus) carries blood from the heart.
TTC7A Deficiency
Condition
TTC7A deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes diarrhea, inflammation of the intestines, bowel obstructions, immune dysfunction, and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Condition
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs, although other parts of the body are sometimes involved.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
Condition
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic condition that causes tumors to grow in many different organs of the body.
Tufted Angioma
Condition
Tufted angioma is a benign (non-cancerous) vascular tumor and mild variant of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE).
Tufting Enteropathy
Condition
Tufting enteropathy is a rare genetic disease of the intestine that causes severe diarrhea and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Tumors of the Pancreas
Condition
Tumors of the pancreas can develop from the pancreas’ exocrine cells, which make enzymes to aid in digestion, or endocrine cells, which produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon that control blood sugar levels.
Turner Syndrome
Condition
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females who have a missing or incomplete X chromosome.
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP)
Condition
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) occurs in identical twin pregnancies when one twin has an absent or non-functioning heart and receives all of its blood from the normally functioning and developing pump twin.
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
Condition
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a problem where one fetus — the donor twin — pumps blood to the other fetus — the recipient twin.
Type 1 Diabetes
Condition
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system does not recognize the cells in the pancreas that make insulin (beta cells), and attacks and destroys these cells.
Type 2 Diabetes
Condition
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that develops when the body cannot properly use or produce enough insulin.
Ulcerative Colitis
Condition
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease in which the inner lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum become inflamed.
Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency (Ulnar Club Hand)
Condition
Children with ulnar longitudinal deficiency are born with their wrist in a fixed, bent position toward the little finger side of the hand.
Umbilical Hernia
Condition
An umbilical hernia is an opening in the abdominal wall around the belly button (umbilicus).
Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)
Condition
Undescended testicles is when one or both of a baby's testicles (testes) have not moved into the proper position. One to 2 percent of male infants are affected.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL)
Condition
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare form of liver cancer that occurs mainly in children.
Unicameral Bone Cyst
Condition
A unicameral (simple) bone cyst is a fluid-filled cavity in the bone, lined by compressed fibrous tissue.
Ureterocele
Condition
Ureteroceles are birth defects that occur in approximately 1 out of every 2,000 babies.
Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction
Condition
A UPJ obstruction occurs when a blockage between your child’s kidney and ureter impedes the flow of urine.
Urologic Tumors
Condition
Urologic tumors are tumors that occur in a child's urinary tract.
Urticaria (Hives)
Condition
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a condition in which red, itchy, and swollen areas appear on your child's skin.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children and Babies
Condition
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection in the urinary tract that can cause discomfort and complications in your child.
Vaginal Agenesis
Condition
Vaginal agenesis is when a baby's reproductive system may not finish developing in the mother's uterus, meaning she may be born without a vagina.
Vaping
Condition
Vaping is the term used to describe smoking electronic cigarettes.
Varicocele
Condition
A varicocele is mass of enlarged and swollen veins in the testicle that essentially feels like a bag of worms. The condition usually develops at puberty, but can occur earlier and is generally neither harmful nor painful.
Vascular Malformations, Tumors, and Hemangiomas
Condition
Vascular malformations are benign (non-cancerous) lesions that are present at birth, but may not become visible until weeks or months later.
Vascular Ring
Condition
A vascular ring occurs when a child’s aorta — the body’s largest blood vessel — or its branches form abnormally.
Vasculitis
Condition
Vasculitis, also called angiitis or arteritis, is an umbrella term for more than a dozen conditions, all of which involve inflammation of the blood vessels.
Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM)
Condition
A vein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a type of rare blood vessel abnormality inside the brain.
Venous Malformation
Condition
A venous malformation (VM) is a bluish lesion caused by widened, abnormally shaped veins.
Ventriculomegaly
Condition
Ventriculomegaly is a condition in which the ventricles appear larger than normal on a prenatal ultrasound.
Vertical/Complete Vaginal Septum
Condition
A vertical or complete vaginal septum is when a wall of tissue runs down the length of the vaginal canal, partitioning the space into two vaginas.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Condition
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the result of abnormal formation of the normal valve between the kidney and bladder.
Vision Problems
Condition
There are two types of eye disorders that can affect your child’s vision: refractive errors and non-refractive errors.
Voiding Dysfunction
Condition
Voiding dysfunction means that your child is unable to completely empty her bladder.
Volvulus
Condition
Intestinal malrotation is when the intestines don't form properly and fail to make the turns in the abdomen that they should. One serious complication, volvulus, occurs when the intestine twists on itself, cutting off its blood supply.
Von Willebrand Disease
Condition
Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by an abnormal blood-clotting protein.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Condition
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower right and left heart chambers (ventricles).
Vulvitis
Condition
Vulvitis is an itchy inflammation of the vulva, the soft folds of skin outside the vagina.
Walking (Gait) Abnormalities
Condition
A gait abnormality is an unusual walking pattern.
Warts
Condition
Warts are non-cancerous skin growths caused by the papillomavirus that can appear in different parts of the body.
West Nile Virus
Condition
West Nile virus (WNV) is a seasonal epidemic in North America that’s most often spread by mosquito bites.
White Blood Cell Disorders
Condition
White blood cell disorders can cause bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Condition
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a cough that ends with the characteristic whoop as air is inhaled.
Williams Syndrome
Condition
Williams syndrome is a rare developmental disorder that can affect many parts of the body, including the heart and blood vessels.
Wilson Disease
Condition
Wilson disease is a rare inherited disorder that can cause liver damage and other life-threatening conditions.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Condition
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare genetic immunodeficiency that keeps a child's immune system from functioning properly.
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Condition
X-linked agammaglobulinemia is caused by a gene located on the X chromosome that makes your child unable to produce antibodies.
X-linked Myotubular Myopathy
Condition
X-linked myotubular myopathy is caused by a genetic mutation on the X chromosome, and it causes muscle weakness.